In which countries is surrogacy legal?

在哪些國家**合法？

Countries such as France, Italy, Finland, Iceland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Pakistan, and Bulgaria prohibit all forms of surrogacy. Commercial surrogacy (where the surrogate mother is paid beyond reasonable birth expenses) is prohibited in the UK, Australia, Hungary, Canada, Ireland, Denmark, Belgium, Hong Kong, Netherlands, and New Zealand.

有些國家禁止任何形式的**，比如法國、意大利、芬蘭、冰島、德國、西班牙、葡萄牙、巴基斯坦和保加利亞。有些國家禁止商業**(指除了正常生育補償之外，還需給**媽媽支付額外報酬)，比如英國、澳大利亞、匈牙利、加拿大、愛爾蘭、丹麥、比利時、荷蘭、香港和新西蘭。

People who live in a country where surrogacy is illegal may go abroad if their home country does not allow surrogacy. According to Families Through Surrogacy, an international non-profit surrogacy organization, in 2014, the UK has the highest number of people in Europe seeking surrogacy overseas and the second-highest globally after Australia. The organization estimates that hundreds of UK residents travelled abroad in 2014 to Thailand and the US - the two most common surrogacy destinations.

如果本國法律不允許**，那么想要**的人們就會選擇海外**。根據國際非營利**組織“**家庭”2014年的統計，英國是歐洲地區尋求海外**人數最多的國家，僅次于澳大利亞，居全球第二。數據顯示僅2014年一年就有數以萬計的英國人前往最熱門的**目的地泰國跟美國實施**。

Mexico: Tabasco was the only state in Mexico to allow surrogacy. Once viewed as a less expensive alternative to the United States, Tabasco experienced a boom in surrogacy but not without complications. In April of 2015, a San Jose, CA couple experienced a delay in obtaining a birth certificate through Mexican officials after having their son via surrogate. The couple set up a Go Fund Me page in order to help cover hotel costs and legal fees. The intended father stated they chose Mexico as it was “the closest country besides India” where they could arrange surrogacy within their price range. In May of 2015 Mexican authorities issued the birth certificate as an “exception” for the couple through a human rights attorney. In December of that year, Tabasco passed legislation to regulate surrogacy to only Mexican citizens with health insurance that could cover birth expenses. Further, women hiring the surrogate must present proof that they are not able to carry the baby to term and be between the ages of 25 and 40.

墨西哥：塔巴斯克是墨西哥唯一允許**的州。低廉的**成本，使這里一度代替美國，成為準父母們的首選之一。也因此塔巴斯科州經歷了**行業的迅速發展，但一切也并不是一帆風順的。2015年4月，一對來自美國圣何塞的夫妻由于沒有拿到孩子的出生證，不得不延長他們在墨西哥的行程。為了繼續支付酒店以及相關法律費用，他們不得不在網上發起眾籌。孩子的父親寫到他們選擇墨西哥是因為這里的價格僅次于印度，在他們可以接受的范圍。2015年5月在人權律師的幫助下，這對夫妻的孩子收到了墨西哥當局特批的出生證。同年十二月，塔巴斯科州通過立法規范**。目前在墨西哥**只提供給有健康保險并且有能力支付生育費用的墨西哥公民。此外，需要**人的女性必須出示不孕不育證明，并且年齡在25歲到40歲之間。

India: The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 (India) has been Cabinet approved. The number one proposition on the bill is to abolish commercial surrogacy. One of the proponents of this law is to protect the surrogate mother who many feel are being exploited.  This bill is facing backlash from the surrogates who it is proposing to protect. Many of the women who are surrogate mothers are using it as their source of income. If approved in 2017 by Parliament, the law will also ban people who do not hold an Indian passport, as well as Indian single parents and gay people, from having children through surrogacy.

印度：**相關的法律條例《**（管制）法案2016》已獲內閣批準。法案的第一項條例是廢除商業**。支持這項法律的人士強調這是保護**母親，許多印度**母親都受到不同程度的剝削。然而這部法案也同時受到一部分**母親的反對。大部分**婦女都把**當作自己的收入來源。如果此項法案在2017被議會批準，該法律也將禁止不持有印度護照的人以及來自印度單身父母和同性戀者通過**生育子女。

Thailand: Commercial surrogacy was supposedly banned by Thailands Medical Council in 1997. In 2014, due to a couple of high profile cases involving surrogacy, Thailand decided to move forward in their legislation in order to help regulate the surrogacy system. The world was shocked by the case of “Baby Gammy” in which an Australian couple left their baby boy who was diagnosed with Down’s Syndrome with the surrogate mother but took home his non affected twin sister. That same year a Japanese man named Mitsutoki Shigeta’s case was exposed. Shigeta, the 24 year old son of a billionaire, was found to have spent over $500,000 in surrogacy fees and had fathered 16 surrogate children. These cases and the moniker “Womb of Asia” pushed the Thai government to press for tighter legal restrictions.

Under the new law, only married Thai couples or couples with one Thai partner who have been married at least three years can seek surrogacy, and commercial surrogacy is banned.

Anyone caught hiring a surrogate mother faces a maximum jail sentence of 10 years.

泰國：盡管商業**在1997年就已被泰國醫學委員會禁止，但直到2014年由于一些涉及**的案件接連曝光，泰國司法機構才決定推進**領域的立法，從而規范**制度。首先曝光的是震驚世界的“Baby Gammy”案，一對澳大利亞夫婦遺棄了他們被診斷出患有唐氏綜合征的兒子，把沒有患病的孿生妹妹帶回家。同年，日本Mitsutoki Shigeta案件被曝光。Shigeta，一個億萬富翁的24歲的兒子，花費超過500000美元的**費并生有16**子女。泰國，這個曾經的“亞洲子宮”，目前正嚴正打擊各種非法代運行為。根據新法律，只有已婚的泰國夫婦或與已結婚至少三年的泰國伴侶的夫婦才可以尋求**，禁止商業**。任何人發現雇用**母親面臨最高10年監禁。

The United States:Surrogacy laws in the US vary by state. Much like how country surrogacy laws vary in regard to restriction towards age, sexual orientation, marital status or altruistic vs commercial surrogacy, so do these restrictions/laws vary by state. Americans whose home state does not allow surrogacy may go to another state with more favorable surrogacy laws should their home state be more difficult.

美國：美國的**法律因州而異。就像每個國家的**法規對于實施**的年齡，性取向，婚姻狀況，以及是否商業**的規定都不同，同樣，美國的每個州的法律規范也不相同。有些在自己的所在州沒法實施**的美國人，可以去允許**的州實施**。

Some states forbid surrogacy. Under Indiana law, surrogacy contracts are “void and unenforceable” though some courts may grant pre birth orders.  New York fines anyone who enters into a surrogacy contract up to $10,000. Agencies or lawyers who facilitate such agreements are fined on the first offense and charged with a felony on a second offense.  Individuals who enter into surrogacy arrangements in Michigan may be fined up to $50,000 and imprisoned for up to five years.

有些州是禁止**。根據印第安娜法律，盡管法庭可以在孩子出生前宣判孩子的撫養權，但**合同是不具有法律效力且不可執行的。在紐約州，任何涉及到**合同里相關方要承擔高達10000美元。中介機構或者律師若提供相關合同第一次處以罰款，第二次被判重罪。同樣，在密歇根州任何**合同里涉及的個人將被處以50000美元的罰款并收監5年。

Some states, such as Washington, permit uncompensated surrogacy arrangements but declare compensated ones void and unenforceable. Under Nebraska law “[a] surrogate parenthood contract entered into shall be void and unenforceable.” This provision applies to compensated surrogacy agreements in which the surrogate “is compensated for bearing a child of a man who is not her husband.”

美國的一些州，如華盛頓允許無償**但是商業**是不具有法律效力的。根據Nebraska的法律，“簽訂的**生育合同是無效且不可執行的。”這一規定適用于商業**協議，**母親從幫他人懷孕收到報酬的情況。

California law, as established in rulings of the California Supreme Court, is very favorable to surrogacy. In the notable cases of Calvert v. Johnson (1993) and Buzzanca v. Buzzanca (1998), California first established and then reinforced its position that intent governs in the determination of parentage in gestational surrogacy situations. If court documents are properly filed, intended parents can legally be regarded as the baby’s parents before birth.

加利福尼亞有著非常利于**的法律環境。著名的卡爾弗特訴約翰遜的案例（1993）和Buzzanca v. Buzzanca（1998），使得加利福尼亞首次建立并加強了他們對**事件中親子關系確定的態度。如果法庭文件準備充分，準父母在孩子出生前就可以合法地被視為嬰兒的親生父母。

Nicola Scott, a lawyer with UK family law firm Natalie Gamble Associates, says that about 25% of her firms clients go to the US, often because they feel it is safer.

"The US has a very long history of surrogacy. One reason is that the parents know there are established frameworks in many states, particularly California, so there is safety associated with going there," she says.

英國家庭法律師協會的律師Nicola Scott說，她的公司約有25%的客戶選擇去美國，這通常是出于安全考慮。美國有很長的**歷史，父母們知道在許多州都有相應的**法律與完善的流程，尤其是加利福尼亞，準父母們感覺去那里**更放心。